Your privacy, your choice

We use essential cookies to make sure the site can function. We also use optional cookies for advertising, personalisation of content, usage analysis, and social media.

By accepting optional cookies, you consent to the processing of your personal data - including transfers to third parties. Some third parties are outside of the European Economic Area, with varying standards of data protection.

See our privacy policy for more information on the use of your personal data.

for further information and to change your choices.

Skip to main content

Table 2 Mean Likert-Scores of the WHOQOLBREF-Items Displayed by Diet Group

From: Quality of life of female and male vegetarian and vegan endurance runners compared to omnivores – results from the NURMI study (step 2)

Question

Total

Omnivorous

Vegetarian/Vegan

p

η2

How would you rate your Quality of Life? 1

 Women

4.33 ± 0.58

4.38 ± 0.59

4.30 ± 0.58

0.450

0.002

 Men

4.48 ± 0.65

4.46 ± 0.74

4.49 ± 0.53

How satisfied are you with your health? 2

 Women

4.09 ± 0.93

4.03 ± 1.11

4.13 ± 0.82

0.176

0.007

 Men

4.30 ± 0.95

4.11 ± 1.13

4.51 ± 0.68

To what extent do you feel that physical pain prevents you from doing what you need to do? 3

 Women

1.33 ± 0.58

1.31 ± 0.65

1.35 ± 0.54

0.145

0.008

 Men

1.34 ± 0.57

1.42 ± 0.62

1.25 ± 0.52

How much do you need any medical treatment to function in your daily life? 3

 Women

1.15 ± 0.42

1.24 ± 0.55

1.10 ± 0.34

0.357

0.003

 Men

1.22 ± 0.67

1.23 ± 0.68

1.21 ± 0.65

How much do you enjoy life? 3

 Women

4.17 ± 0.71

4.31 ± 0.79

4.09 ± 0.67

0.354

0.003

 Men

4.17 ± 0.71

4.20 ± 0.73

4.14 ± 0.69

To what extent do you feel your life to be meaningful? 3

 Women

4.16 ± 0.65

4.19 ± 0.71

4.15 ± 0.62

0.487

0.002

 Men

4.28 ± 0.77

4.31 ± 0.86

4,25 ± 0.67

How well are you able to concentrate? 3

 

 Women

3.89 ± 0.75

4.02 ± 0.82

3.81 ± 0.72

0.217

0.006

 Men

4.01 ± 0.72

4.00 ± 0.78

4.02 ± 0.65

How safe do you feel in your daily life? 3

 

 Women

4.16 ± 0.65

4.19 ± 0.71

4.15 ± 0.62

0.904

< 0.001

 Men

4.28 ± 0.77

4.31 ± 0.86

4.25 ± 0.67

How healthy is your physical environment? 3

 Women

3.91 ± 0.78

3.93 ± 0.75

3.90 ± 0.81

0.190

0.006

 Men

3.98 ± 0.80

4.11 ± 0.80

3.82 ± 0.81

Do you have enough energy for everyday life? 4

 Women

4.18 ± 0.64

4.16 ± 0.70

4.19 ± 0.61

0.893

< 0.001

 Men

4.34 ± 0.61

4.34 ± 0.62

4.35 ± 0.61

Are you able to accept your bodily appearance? 4

 Women

4.00 ± 0.70

3.79 ± 0.73

4.02 ± 0.69

0.407

0.002

 Men

4.24 ± 0.69

4.28 ± 0.66

4.19 ± 0.72

Have you enough money to meet your needs? 4

 Women

3.98 ± 0.79

4.14 ± 0.63

3.89 ± 0.88

0.261

0.005

 Men

3.93 ± 0.82

3.94 ± 0.86

3.91 ± 0.77

How available to you is the information that you need in your day-to-day life? 4

 Women

4.65 ± 0.50

4.79 ± 0.43

4.57 ± 0.54

0.093

0.010

 Men

4.71 ± 0.46

4.72 ± 0.46

4.70 ± 0.46

To what extent do you have the opportunity for leisure activities? 4

 Women

4.33 ± 0.70

4.43 ± 0.73

4.28 ± 0.68

0.089

0.010

 Men

4.28 ± 0.69

4.22 ± 0.75

4.35 ± 0.61

How well are you able to get around? 1

 

 Women

4.84 ± 0.39

4.78 ± 0.46

4.87 ± 0.34

0.198

0.006

 Men

4.88 ± 0.33

4.89 ± 0.32

4.86 ± 0.35

How satisfied are you with your sleep? 2

 

 Women

3.82 ± 0.91

3.64 ± 0.85

3.92 ± 0.95

0.030

0.017

 Men

3.96 ± 0.85

4.05 ± 0.85

3.86 ± 0.86

How satisfied are you with your ability to perform your daily living activities? 2

 Women

4.26 ± 0.72

4.36 ± 0.62

4.20 ± 0.78

0.197

0.006

 Men

4.34 ± 0.58

4.32 ± 0.62

4.37 ± 0.53

How satisfied are you with your capacity for work? 2

 Women

4.23 ± 0.71

4.28 ± 0.67

4.23 ± 0.71

0.717

< 0.001

 Men

4.46 ± 0.65

4.52 ± 0.68

4.39 ± 0.61

How satisfied are you with yourself? 2

 

 Women

3.75 ± 0.60

4.00 ± 0.62

3.94 ± 0.82

0.821

< 0.001

 Men

4.14 ± 0.72

4.18 ± 0.79

4.09 ± 0.64

How satisfied are you with your personal relationships? 2

 Women

4.02 ± 0.82

4.09 ± 0.76

3.98 ± 0.86

0.366

0.003

 Men

4.08 ± 0.80

4.22 ± 0.79

3.93 ± 0.83

How satisfied are you with your sex life? 2

 Women

3.58 ± 0.96

3.52 ± 0.98

3.62 ± 0.95

0.170

0.007

 Men

3.58 ± 1.09

3.69 ± 1.11

3.46 ± 1.08

How satisfied are you with the support you get from your friends? 2

 Women

3.99 ± 0.73

4.00 ± 0.62

3.98 ± 0.79

0.067

0.012

 Men

3.85 ± 0.76

4.02 ± 0.72

3.67 ± 0.81

How satisfied are you with the conditions of your living place? 2

 Women

4.13 ± 0.90

4.28 ± 0.89

4.04 ± 0.91

0.386

0.003

 Men

4.14 ± 0.91

4.34 ± 0.95

3.91 ± 0.88

How satisfied are you with your access to health services? 2

 Women

4.19 ± 0.81

4.22 ± 0.75

4.18 ± 0.84

0.654

0.001

 Men

4.25 ± 0.75

4.31 ± 0.84

4.18 ± 0.66

How satisfied are you with your transport? 2

 Women

4.25 ± 0.79

4.31 ± 0.63

4.22 ± 0.87

0.830

< 0.001

 Men

4.36 ± 0.78

4.38 ± 0.83

4.33 ± 0.72

How often do you have negative feelings such as blue mood, despair, anxiety, depression? 5

 Women

2.23 ± 0.83

1.95 ± 0.76

2.23 ± 0.83

0.261

0.005

 Men

1.63 ± 0.88

1.54 ± 0.94

1.74 ± 0.81

  1. Note. Results are presented as mean ± SD. p – p-value for ANOVA test. η2 – effect size
  2. 11 = very poor, 2 = poor, 3 = neither poor nor good, 4 = good, 5 = very good
  3. 21 = very dissatisfied, 2 = dissatisfied, 3 = neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, 4 = satisfied, 5 = very satisfied
  4. 31 = not at all, 2 = a little, 3 = a moderate amount, 4 = very much, 5 = an extreme amount
  5. 41 = not at all, 2 = a little, 3 = moderately, 4 = mostly, 5 = completely
  6. 51 = never, 2 = seldom, 3 = quite often, 4 = very often, 5 = always